Trichinella Infection in Culled Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from El Palmar National Park, Argentina, and Exposure Risk in Humans and Dogs Consuming Wild Boar Meat.

Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.

Generalized anosognosia, anosodiaphoria, and visual hallucinations with bilateral enucleation after severe bifrontal brain injury: a case report describing similarities with and differences from Anton syndrome.

Visual anosognosia, associated with confabulations and cortical blindness in the context of occipital lobe injury, is known as Anton syndrome. Patients with this syndrome strongly deny their vision loss and confabulate to compensate for both visual loss and memory impairments. In this article, we present a case of a patient with some similarities to Anton syndrome, however, with several differences in clinical presentation. Bifrontal brain injury, bilateral enucleation, affective indifference (anosodiaphoria), generalized anosognosia, and the conviction that vision will resume mark clear clinical differences with Anton syndrome. Differentiating these findings from Anton syndrome will help occupational therapists, neuropsychologists, speech-language pathologists, physical therapists, and physicians when assessing frontal lobe brain injury with total and partial visual loss. This case demonstrates that visual anosognosia and confabulations can occur without occipital lobe dysfunction or cortical blindness.

Effects of a specific injury prevention neuromuscular training program for young female dancers. A randomized-controlled trial.

To assess the effects of a specific injury prevention neuromuscular training programme (IPP) on balance and lower-limb asymmetry in female competitive dancers (age 12-20 years; height 1.57 ± 0.06 m; weight 24.27 ± 2.79 kg) were randomly allocated to an active general control (GIPP, n = 7) and specific (SIPP n = 7) group. Both programmes were conducted for 6 weeks, with a frequency of three sessions per week. Dynamic balance and lower-limb asymmetry were assessed before and after the intervention. A greater improvement in right-leg total balance (86.6[84.0-90.5] vs 93.8[86.7-99.4];p = 0.035), left-leg total balance(87.8[81.0-89.1] vs 93.6[90.6-100.0];p = 0.013), left-leg anterior balance (71.9[69.1-72.2] vs 74.6[72.0-77.3];p = 0.041), left-leg posteromedial balance (80.5[72.9-83.3] vs 85.9[83.0-94.0];p = 0.048), and left-leg posterolateral balance (79.5[70.4-84.5] vs 85.0[80.0-88.5];p = 0.048) was observed in the SIPP group compared to the GIPP group. No other significant intra-group changes nor inter-group differences were noted. Therefore, compared to a GIPP, a SIPP induced greater improvements in lower-limb dynamic balance in female dancers, potentially leading to greater reduction in lower-limb injury risk.

Relación entre funciones ejecutivas y trastornos neuropsiquiátricos en pacientes con Alzheimer de diferente grado de severidad / Relationship Between Executive Functions and Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease of Different Degrees of Severity / Relação entre funções executivas e transtornos neuropsiquiátricos em pacientes com Alzheimer de diferentes estágios de gravidade

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las funciones ejecutivas (fe) y los trastornos neuropsiquiátricos (tn) en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (ea), en función del grado de severidad, en comparación con sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo (ssdc). Se estudia-ron 50 pacientes con ea y 60 ssdc en un estudio no experimental-transversal con un muestreo no probabilístico basado en una serie de criterios de inclusión. Se aplicó la batería de evaluación frontal y el inventario neuropsiquiátrico, y los resultados mostraron que existe una relación negativa de intensidad moderada entre las fe y lostn, con independencia del grado de severidad de la ea. Se puede concluir que, en fase leve, la euforia se relaciona tanto con la sensibilidad hacia la interferencia como con el control inhibitorio; en fase moderada, la irritabilidad se relaciona de manera positiva con la sensibilidad hacia la interferencia, y en la fase moderadamente grave, la programación motora se relaciona de manera negativa con la agitación.

The aim of the study was to investigate executive func-tions (ef) and neuropsychiatric disorders (nd) in pa-tients with Alzheimer's disease (ad) according to the degree of severity, compared to subjects without cognitive impairment (swci). Fifty patients with ad and 60 swci were studied in a non-experimental-cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic sampling based on a series of inclusion criteria. The frontal evaluation battery and the neuropsychiatric inventory were applied and the results showed that there is a negative relationship of moderate intensity between ef and nd, regardless of the degree of severity of ad. It can be concluded that, in the mild phase, euphoria is related both to sensitivity towards interference and to inhibitory control; in moderate phase irritability is positively related to sensitivity towards interference; and in the moderately severe phase, motor programming is nega-tively related to agitation.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as funções executivas (fe) e os transtornos neuropsiquiátricos (tn) em pacien-tes com doença de Alzheimer (da) de acordo com o estágio de gravidade, em comparação com sujeitos sem comprometimento cognitivo (sscc). Foram avaliados 50 pacientes com da e 60 sscc em um estudo transversal não experimental com amostragem não probabilística baseada em uma série de critérios de inclusão. A bateria de avaliação frontal e o inventário neuropsiquiátrico foram aplicados e os resultados mostraram que existe uma relação negativa de intensidade moderada entre a fe e os tn, independente do estágio de gravidade da da. Pode-se concluir que, na fase leve, a euforia está rela-cionada tanto à sensibilidade à interferência quanto ao controle inibitório; na fase moderada, a irritabilidade está positivamente relacionada à sensibilidade à inter-ferência e; na fase moderadamente grave, a programação motora está negativamente relacionada à agitação.

Funcionalidad familiar y sobrecarga en cuidadores de personas con patología neurológica en la región de Alentejo (Portugal) / Family functionality and overload in caregivers of people with neurological pathology na região do Alentejo (portugal)

Un buen funcionamiento familiar puede ayudar a los cuidadores en la toma de decisiones y en la resolución de problemas o dudas que pudieran surgir como resultado de las demandas del cuidado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la funcionalidad familiar de los cuidadores de personas con patología neurológica y su relación con las variables sociodemográficas, el nivel de sobrecarga y el apoyo social percibido.Método: Se reclutó a 58 cuidadores de personas con patología neurológica en la región del Alentejo (Portugal). Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia entre las asociaciones de familiares de personas con alteraciones neurológicas. Para la obtención de los datos se llevó a cabo una entrevista individual en la que se incluyó el cuestionario de APGAR Familiar, la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido de Duke UNK-11 y la Escala de Zarit.Resultados: Un 48,3% de las familias funcionan normalmente y un 51,7% muestran disfuncionalidad. Además existe relación entre la funcionalidad familiar y las horas dedicadas a cuidar, la sobrecarga percibida y el apoyo social percibido por los cuidadores.Conclusiones: los cuidadores que pertenecen a familias disfuncionales perciben un apoyo social bajo, dedican más horas al cuidado familiar y presentan niveles de sobrecarga intensa más elevados. (AU)

Good family functioning can help caregivers in decision making and in the resolution of problems or doubts that may arise as a result of the demands of caregiving. This study aims to analyse the family functioning of caregivers of people with neurological pathology and its relationship with sociodemographic variables, the level of overload and perceived social support.Methods: 58 caregivers of people with neurological pathology were recruited in the region of Alentejo (Portugal). A convenience sampling was carried out among the associations of relatives of people with neurological disorders. To obtain the data, an individual interview was carried out, including the Family APGAR questionnaire, the Duke UNK-11 Perceived Social Support Scale and the Zarit Scale.Results: 48.3% of the family’s function normally and 51.7% show dysfunctionality. There is also a relationship between family functioning and hours spent on caregiving, perceived overload and caregivers’ perceived social support.Conclusions: caregivers belonging to dysfunctional families perceive low social support, spend more hours on family caregiving and have higher levels of intense overload. (AU)

Ketamina para la depresión refractaria: una revisión exploratoria / Ketamine for resistant depression: a scoping review

Introducción. La ketamina es un anestésico de efecto rápido con propiedades hipnóticas. Además, podría mejorar potencialmente los síntomas afectivos en pacientes con trastorno depresivo refractario. Objetivo. Explorar la literatura científica disponible hasta el 10 de diciembre de 2021 sobre la eficacia y seguridad de la ketamina en pacientes con trastorno depresivo mayor refractario al tratamiento. Material y métodos. Revisión exploratoria que incluyó PubMed y Scopus. Se incluyeron registros de ensayos clínicos y publicaciones con datos empíricos en inglés y español. Resultados. Se incluyeron 31 documentos y 12 registros de ensayos clínicos: estudios clínicos aleatorizados (n = 19), estudios clínicos no aleatorizados (n = 11) y estudios de cohortes retrospectivos (n = 1). La suma de participantes en registros de ensayos clínicos fue de 1,318. Un 58,3 % (7/12) de los registros de ensayos clínicos aún no están reclutando la población de estudio, el 25 % (3/12) son estudios de fase 2 y solo un estudio se encuentra actualmente en la fase cuatro. Conclusiones. La evidencia apoya el uso de ketamina para el tratamiento de la depresión refractaria. Los efectos adversos son generalmente leves y autolimitados, aunque los efectos adversos más complejos requieren vigilancia por parte de personal experimentado. Son necesarios estudios experimentales que comparen la eficacia y seguridad de la ketamina frente a la terapia electroconvulsiva como tratamiento de primera línea de esta entidad.(AU)

Introduction. Ketamine is a fast-acting anesthetic with hypnotic properties. Moreover, could potentially improve affective symptoms in patients with refractory depressive disorder. Objective. explore the scientific literature available until December 10, 2021, about the efficacy and safety of ketamine in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. Material and methods. Scoping review that included PubMed and Scopus. Records of clinical trials and publications with empirical data in English and Spanish were included. Results. 31 documents and 12 clinical trial records were included: randomized clinical trials (n = 19), non-randomized clinical trials (n = 11) and retrospective cohort studies (n = 1). The sum of participants in clinical trial registries was 1,318. Some 58.3% (7/12) of the records of clinical trials are not yet recruiting the study population, 25% (3/12) are phase 2 studies and only one study is currently in phase four. Conclusions. The evidence supports the use of ketamine for the treatment of refractory depression. Adverse effects are generally mild and self-limited, although more complex adverse effects require monitoring by experienced personnel. Experimental studies are needed to compare the efficacy and safety of ketamine versus electroconvulsive therapy as the first-line treatment for this entity.(AU)

Effects of Polyphenols in Aging and Neurodegeneration Associated with Oxidative Stress.

Aging is defined as the functional loss of tissues and organs over time. This is a biological, irreversible, progressive, and universal process that results from genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, and exposure to toxins, among others. Aging is a consequence of molecular and cellular damage built up over time. This damage begins with a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, thus increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neuronal, functional, and structural damage can be explained by an imbalance among free radicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidants, which finally lead to oxidative stress. Due to the key role of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, antioxidant therapy may reduce the oxidative damage associated with neurodegeneration. Exogenous antioxidants are molecules that may help maintain the balance between the formation and elimination of free radicals, thus protecting the cell from their toxicity. Among them, polyphenols are a broad group of secondary plant metabolites with potent antioxidant properties. Here, we review several studies that show the potential role of polyphenol consumption to prevent, or slow down, harmful oxidative processes linked to neurodegenerative disorders.

Description of the Etiologies, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes in Patients with Hyperferritinemia in a Colombian Tertiary Hospital.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzes the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and conditions associated with hyperferritinemia (≥5000 ng/mL) in a high-complexity center in Colombia. METHODS: This retrospective and descriptive study was performed between 2011 and 2020, at the Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia, by reviewing medical charts from patients who had serum ferritin measurements equal to or greater than 5000 ng/mL. RESULTS: We found 350 reports of ferritin values ≥5000 ng/mL, corresponding to 317 patients, with a median ferritin value of 8789 (6001-15 373) ng/mL. The most frequent etiologies were infection (n = 198, 56.57%), hematologic disorders (n = 104, 29.71%), and blood transfusion (n = 98, 28.00%). These last 2 etiologies cooccurred in 37 (10.57%) cases. The main clinical signs accompanying hyperferritinemia were fever in 199 (56.86%) cases, multiorgan involvement in 125 (35.71%), and hepatomegaly in 95 (27.14%) cases. Ninety-four (29.65%) patients died in the hospital, and 11 (3.47%) died within 30 days after medical discharge, mainly due to infection (n = 51, 48.57%). Intrahospital mortality was associated with significantly higher ferritin levels (10 846, IQR: 6425-23 459) than survival (8452, IQR: 5980-13 932) (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperferritinemia is related to many underlying causes, with infection being the principal cause in our cohort, followed by hematologic disorders. Additionally, in-hospital mortality was related to higher ferritin levels.

Adecuación al flujograma PROA de neumonía aguda comunitaria en la emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas en 2019, Uruguay / Adaptation to the PROA flowchart for community acute pneumonia in the Hospital de Clínicas emergency in 2019, Uruguay / Adaptação ao fluxograma PROA para pneumonia aguda comunitária na emergência do Hospital de Clínicas em 2019, Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: La resistencia antimicrobiana es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública mundial. Representa una causa importante de morbilidad en la población general y un elevado costo para los sistemas sanitarios. La Neumonía Aguda Comunitaria (NAC) representa una de las principales infecciones bacterianas en nuestro medio. Objetivo general: Evaluar la adecuación al flujograma del Programa de Optimización de Antimicrobianos (PROA) para el manejo de NAC en Departamento de Emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas (HC) entre julio y agosto de 2019. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, en el período de julio-agosto de 2019, en Departamento de Emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, que firmaron el consentimiento informado, diagnosticados con NAC, cumpliendo criterios clínicos e imagenológicos establecidos en el flujograma del PROA del Hospital de Clínicas. Se elaboró una base de datos diseñada a partir del flujograma. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes para el análisis. La edad promedio fue 54 años, 28 eran mujeres. Las comorbilidades más prevalentes fueron: tabaquismo, consumo de pasta base de cocaína y alcoholismo, presentes en 51% de la muestra. Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron criterios de severidad, predominando insuficiencia respiratoria en 71%. Un 43 % presentaron factores de riesgo para microorganismos multirresistentes. Se observó una adecuación al PROA de 41%. Discusión: La adecuación al tratamiento recomendado fue inferior a la descrita en otros trabajos. El principal problema fue una errónea clasificación en los grupos de riesgo propuestos en el flujograma, ocasionando la hospitalización de pacientes que debieron recibir tratamiento ambulatorio, recibiendo antibioticoterapia de mayor espectro. Conclusiones: La existencia de PROA hospitalarios permite realizar monitoreo de prácticas diagnósticas y prescripción de antimicrobianos. Se observó una inadecuada aplicación del flujograma, lo que determinó el uso de antibióticos de mayor espectro con riesgo potencial del desarrollo de resistencia.

Abstract: Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main world public health problems. It represents an important cause of morbidity in general population and a high cost for health systems. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) represents one of the main bacterial infections in our midst. Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of the Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) in the management of CAP in the Emergency Department of Hospital de Clínicas (HC) between July and August 2019. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from July-August 2019, in the Emergency Department of Hospital de Clínicas. Patients older than 18 years old were included, who signed the informed consent, diagnosed with CAP, fulfilling clinical and imaging criteria established in the flowchart. A database designed from the AMS flow chart of the Hospital de Clínicas was developed. Results: 51 patients were included for the analysis. The average age was 54 years, 28 were women. The most prevalent comorbidities were smoking, consumption of cocaine paste or alcoholism, present in 51% of the sample. Thirty-five patients presented severity criteria, prevailing respiratory failure in 71%. Risk factors for multiresistant microorganisms was 43%. PROA adequacy of 41.2% was observed. Discussion: The adequacy to the recommended treatment was lower than that described in other papers. The main problem was an erroneous classification in the risk groups proposed in the flowchart, causing hospitalization of patients who had to receive treatment at home, receiving broader spectrum antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: The existence of hospital stewardships allows monitoring of diagnostic practices and antimicrobial prescription. Inadequate application of the flow chart was observed, which determined the use of broader spectrum antibiotics with potential risk of developing resistance.

Resumo: Introdução: A resistência antimicrobiana é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública global. Representa uma das principais causas de morbidade na população em geral e um alto custo para os sistemas de saúde. A Pneumonia Aguda Comunitária (PAC) representa uma das principais infecções bacterianas em nosso meio. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação do fluxograma do Programa de Otimização de Antimicrobianos (PROA) para o gerenciamento do PAC no Pronto Atendimento do Hospital de Clínicas (HC) entre julho e agosto de 2019. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, no período de julho a agosto de 2019, no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital de Clínicas. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, com diagnóstico de PAC, que preenchessem os critérios clínicos e de imagem estabelecidos no fluxograma do PROA do Hospital de Clínicas. Um banco de dados projetado a partir do fluxograma foi desenvolvido. Resultados: 51 pacientes foram incluídos para análise. A idade média era de 54 anos, 28 eram mulheres. As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram: tabagismo, consumo de pasta base de cocaína e etilismo, presentes em 51% da amostra. Trinta e cinco pacientes apresentaram critérios de gravidade, predominando insuficiência respiratória em 71%. 43% apresentaram fatores de risco para microrganismos multirresistentes. Observou-se adequação ao PROA de 41%. Discussão: A adequação ao tratamento recomendado foi inferior ao descrito em outros estudos. O principal problema era uma classificação errônea nos grupos de risco propostos no fluxograma, ocasionando a internação de pacientes que precisavam receber tratamento ambulatorial, recebendo antibioticoterapia de maior espectro. Conclusões: A existência de PROAs hospitalares permite o monitoramento das práticas diagnósticas e prescrição de antimicrobianos. Observou-se uma aplicação inadequada do fluxograma, que determinou o uso de antibióticos de maior espectro e com potencial risco de desenvolvimento de resistência.

Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina.

Consumption of meat from animals hunted with Pb ammunition can cause toxic accumulation with consequent health risks, even if relatively small amounts are consumed in each exposure. In El Palmar National Park, Argentina, invasive alien mammals, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis), are culled with Pb ammunition and their meat is consumed. In this study, we evaluated blood Pb concentrations in 58 consumers of culled game and examined Pb exposure risk according to their demographics, duty, and consumption habits. Likewise, the likelihood of exposure was evaluated by quantifying Pb concentrations in meat samples of seven culled axis deer. Twenty-seven participants (46%) had detectable blood Pb levels (limit of detection = 3.3 µg/dL), with an average 4.75 ± 1.35 µg/dL (geometric mean ± geometric S.D.); the average for all participants was 3.25 ± 1.51 µg/dL. Blood Pb concentrations were significantly higher in hunters, in participants who reported consuming game meat more than 5 times per week, and in participants who reported frequently consuming cured game meat (compared to cooked or pickled). Pb concentration varied significantly along the trajectory of the bullet in deer muscle, being highest at mid-point but with detectable Pb levels even in distant tissue samples (control), suggesting potential for dietary intake by consumers. These findings provide evidence of Pb exposure risk in consumers and emphasize the relevance of replacing Pb ammunition with non-toxic alternatives. This change would reduce dietary exposure in frequent consumers and allow the use of game meat as safe food for people whilst eliminating collateral risks to wild animals and the environment.

Lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal from culled invasive species in El Palmar National Park, Argentina.

This is the first field study to evaluate lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal and, to our knowledge, the first study exploring associations between game consumption and dog health status. We quantified lead concentrations in blood and hair and haematological parameters of 31 dogs fed game meat and offal from wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis) culled with lead ammunition in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Despite variable weekly frequency in game consumption, dogs had detectable blood and hair lead levels, demonstrating recent and chronic exposure. Lead geometric mean and SD were 18.91 ± 346.85 µg/dL w.w. in blood (range = 0.53-216.58), and 0.721 ± 6.444 µg/gr d.w. in hair (range = 0.007-34.800). Hair lead levels were relatively low in most samples, except for the oldest dog which had an atypically high value concurrent with anaemia, a common outcome of chronic lead exposure. Dog's owner was significantly predictive of both blood and hair lead levels, which reflects the same feeding patterns for all dogs owned by the same person. Body condition was associated with hair lead, with dogs in good condition presenting higher lead levels. This could be related to greater game consumption by those dogs, resulting in higher lead ingestion. Dogs fed game meat and offal at very low or low frequency (≤4 times per week) showed higher blood lead levels, suggesting there might not be a risk-free frequency for game provision to dogs. Considering the risks of dietary lead exposure, avoiding feeding dogs lead-killed game and replacing lead ammunition with non-toxic alternatives are recommended. This would allow using hunted game as a valuable food resource without unnecessary risk for the health of consumers and the environment.

Trastornos neuroconductuales en la demencia tipo Alzheimer / Neurobehavioral disorders in Alzheimers dementia type

Resumen Los trastornos neuroconductuales (TNC) son síntomas de la percepción alterada, del contenido del pensamiento, estado de ánimo o del comportamiento, aunque se desconocen qué tipos de TNC específicos están afectados en la Demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA). El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los TNC en pacientes con DTA en comparación con sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo (SSDC). Se estudiaron 50 pacientes con DTA y 60 SSDC en un estudio no experimental-transversal con un muestreo no probabilístico en base a una serie de criterios de inclusión. Tras la aplicación del inventario neuropsiquiátrico, los resultados demostraron que los pacientes con DTA tienen mayor afectación de TNC como la ansiedad, depresión, apatía, irritabilidad, agitación en comparación con SSDC. Los SSDC presentan alteraciones en los TNC de depresión, ansiedad, apatía y alteraciones del sueño. En conclusión, los resultados confirman la hipótesis de que en la DTA se produce una mayor afectación de los TNC en comparación que los SSDC.

Abstract Neurobehavioral disorders (NBD) are symptoms of altered perception, content of thought, mood or behavior, although what specific types of NBD are affected in Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) are unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate NBD in patients with ATD compared to Subjects without cognitive impairment (SWCI). Fifty patients with ATD and 60 SWCI were studied in a non-experimental-cross-sectional study with a non-probability sampling based on a series of inclusion criteria. After applying the neuropsychiatric inventory, the results showed that patients with ATD have greater involvement of NBD such as anxiety, depression, apathy, irritability, agitation compared to SWCI. The SWCI present alterations in the NBD of depression, anxiety, apathy and sleep disorders. In conclusion, the results confirm the hypothesis that a greater affectation of NBD occurs in ATD compared to SWCI.

Memory and Executive Dysfunction Predict Complex Activities of Daily Living Impairment in Amnestic Multi-Domain Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Specific cognitive alterations could be one of the predictors that lead to the complex activities of daily living (CADL) impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, hence, help to explain the continuum between MCI and dementia. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to reevaluate the existing uncertainty regarding the impact of memory and executive functions on CADL in patients with MCI. METHODS: Caregivers of 161 patients with amnestic multi-domain MCI and of 150 patients with incipient Alzheimer's disease as well as 100 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls, completed the Interview for Deterioration in Daily Living Activities in Dementia, a suitable instrument for the description and discrimination of CADL. In addition, all patients and controls were assessed with a neuropsychological battery to measure explicit memory and executive functions performance. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that in the group of patients with amnestic multi-domain MCI, 67.4% of the variability of the CADL impairment was explained by worse performance on executive functions tests (p < 0.0001) and 41.8% by different explicit memory components impairment (p < 0.0001). Further, in patients with incipient AD, 44.0% of the variability of CADL impairment was explained by worse performance on executive functions tests (p < 0.0001) and 39.9% by different explicit memory components worsening (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Memory and executive functions alterations impact similarly on the CADL in both amnestic multi-domain MCI and incipient Alzheimer's disease. Given the continuum that exists between both conditions, we conclude that CADL impairment may be an important early step in the evolution towards Alzheimer's disease from amnestic multi-domain MCI.

Thermodynamic data of phenol adsorption on chemically modified activated carbons.

The presence of phenol in water bodies exists due to the discharge of wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. Its presence in water is associated with a decrease in the quality of drinking water because its change the taste and odour [1]. The adsorption process is one of the most used treatments to remove the phenol of waters and the activated carbon is an appropriate adsorbent due to its high surface area, porosity and low cost. The studies about the adsorption process are addressed by different views of point such as equilibrium and thermodynamic data. In this work, the adsorption isotherms of phenol on five activated carbons with different physicochemical properties in aqueous solution are presented. In addition, the immersion enthalpies, the interaction enthalpies, the Gibbs energy and the entropy changes are included. The isotherms data are adjusted to the Freundlich and Sips models. The immersion enthalpy values are between -7.670 and -57.0 J g-1, the interaction enthalpies are between 48.00 and -11.70 J g-1, the Gibbs energy change are between -5337 and -12322 J mol-1 K-1 and finally, the entropy change values are between 18.10 and 39.70 J K-1.

Síntomas disejecutivos y reflejos frontales en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Dysexecutive symptoms and frontal reflexes in patients with Alzheimer disease

INTRODUCCIÓN. La enfermedad de Alzheimer, supone la primera causa de demencia y produce múltiples alteraciones cognitivas como la afectación de las funciones ejecutivas. Esos pacientes presentan síntomas disejecutivos y alteración en los reflejos de liberación frontal, aunque se desconoce si están afectados en función del grado de severidad de la demencia. OBJETIVO. Determinar si existe una relación entre los Síntomas Disejecutivos y los Reflejos de Liberación Frontal en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo; se analizaron 23 pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer del Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención a Personas con Enfermedad de Alzheimer, durante el periodo 2013-2014. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante el cuestionario disejecutivo, y analizados mediante la prueba X2 y la U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS. Las edades de los participantes oscilaron entre 55 y 90 años. La media de puntuaciones según el cuestionario disejecutivo, arrojó un valor de 21,69. En la planificación se observó diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con Alzheimer leve y moderado (p=0,020); así como, entre la fase leve y la moderadamente grave (p=0,014). En la conciencia social resultó similar entre la etapa leve y la moderada (p=0,036). CONCLUSIÓN. Los reflejos de liberación frontal y los síntomas disejecutivos estuvieron afectados, pero no se evidenció relación entre estos y el grado de severidad de enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se refutó la hipótesis que, a mayor grado de severidad, mayor afectación disejecutiva y de los reflejos de liberación frontal.

INTRODUCTION. Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia and produces multiple cognitive disorders such as the involvement of executive functions. These patients present with dysexecutive symptoms and impaired frontal release reflexes, although it is unknown whether they are affected depending on the severity of the dementia. OBJECTIVE. To determine if there is a relationship between the Dissecutive Symptoms and the Frontal Release Reflexes in patients with Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out; 23 patients with Alzheimer's dementia from the State Reference Center for Care for People with Alzheimer's Disease were analyzed during the 2013-2014 period. The data were obtained through the dissertation questionnaire, and analyzed using the X2 test and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS. The ages of the participants ranged from 55 to 90 years. The average of scores according to the executive questionnaire showed a value of 21,69. In the planning, significant differences were observed between patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (p = 0.020); as well as between the mild and moderately severe phase (p = 0.014). In social consciousness it was similar between the mild and moderate stages (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION. Frontal release reflexes and dissecting symptoms were affected, but no relationship between them and the severity of Alzheimer's disease was evident. The hypothesis was refuted that, to a greater degree of severity, greater disejecutiva involvement and frontal release reflexes.

Prevención de la fragilidad en las personas mayores / Prevention of fragility in elderly people

La fragilidad es actualmente un importante reto de salud pública, tanto en España como en los países de nuestro en-torno, relacionado con el envejecimiento de la población y sus consecuencias, como el aumento de la dependencia. Para mantener la autonomía el abordaje de la fragilidad es uno de los elementos fundamentales para afrontarlo, ya que supone un estado previo a la discapacidad que se puede prevenir, e incluso revertir si se detecta a tiempo. Se estima que entre un 7 y un 12 % de los mayores de 65 años están en una situación de fragilidad que les hace más vulnerables a entrar en situación de dependencia. La fragilidad es más frecuente en las mujeres y aumenta con la edad. Los nuevos conocimientos, y los interrogantes que se abren, cambian el panorama de la prevención, la detección precoz y el tratamiento de la fragilidad. En este sentido, la aparición en el año 2014 del "Documento de consenso sobre la prevención de fragilidad y caídas en la persona mayor", en el marco de la Estrategia de promoción de la salud y prevención en el Sistema Nacional de Salud, del Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, trata de homogeneizar esas cuestiones y establece recomendaciones para la prevención y el cribado de la fragilidad

Fragility is currently an important public health challenge, both in Spain and in the countries of our environment, related to the aging of the population and its consequences, such as the in-crease in dependence. To maintain autonomy, the approach to frailty is one of the fundamental elements to face it, since it sup-poses a pre-disability state that can be prevented, and even re-versed if it is detected in time. It is estimated that between 7 and 12 % of those over 65 are in a situation of fragility that makes them more vulnerable to becoming dependent. Fragility is more frequent in women and increases with age. The new knowledge and the questions that are opened, change the landscape of prevention, early detection and the treatment of frailty. In 2014 it is published the "Consensus document on the prevention of frailty and falls in the elderly", within the framework of the Strategy for the promotion of health and prevention in the National Health System, of the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, tries to homogenize these issues, and establishes recommendations for the prevention and screening of fragity

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Metal(loid) Nanostructures by Environmental Multi-Metal(loid) Resistant Bacteria and Metal(loid)-Reducing Flavoproteins.

Microbes are suitable candidates to recover and decontaminate different environments from soluble metal ions, either via reduction or precipitation to generate insoluble, non-toxic derivatives. In general, microorganisms reduce toxic metal ions generating nanostructures (NS), which display great applicability in biotechnological processes. Since the molecular bases of bacterial reduction are still unknown, the search for new -environmentally safe and less expensive- methods to synthesize NS have made biological systems attractive candidates. Here, 47 microorganisms isolated from a number of environmental samples were analyzed for their tolerance or sensitivity to 19 metal(loid)s. Ten of them were highly tolerant to some of them and were assessed for their ability to reduce these toxicants in vitro. All isolates were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fatty acids composition, biochemical tests and electron microscopy. Results showed that they belong to the Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Exiguobacterium genera. Most strains displayed metal(loid)-reducing activity using either NADH or NADPH as cofactor. While Acinetobacter schindleri showed the highest tellurite ( TeO32- ) and tetrachloro aurate ( AuCl4- ) reducing activity, Staphylococcus sciuri and Exiguobacterium acetylicum exhibited selenite ( SeO32- ) and silver (Ag+) reducing activity, respectively. Based on these results, we used these bacteria to synthetize, in vivo and in vitro Te, Se, Au, and Ag-containing nanostructures. On the other hand, we also used purified E. cloacae glutathione reductase to synthesize in vitro Te-, Ag-, and Se-containing NS, whose morphology, size, composition, and chemical composition were evaluated. Finally, we assessed the putative anti-bacterial activity exhibited by the in vitro synthesized NS: Te-containing NS were more effective than Au-NS in inhibiting Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes growth. Aerobically synthesized TeNS using MF09 crude extracts showed MICs of 45- and 66- µg/ml for E. coli and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Similar MIC values (40 and 82 µg/ml, respectively) were observed for TeNS generated using crude extracts from gorA-overexpressing E. coli. In turn, AuNS MICs for E. coli and L. monocytogenes were 64- and 68- µg/ml, respectively.

Structure of Enhanced Cued Recall Task in the 7 Minute Screen Test.

Episodic memory in the 7 Minute Screen is assessed by the Enhanced Cued Recall (ECR) test. The ECR test is composed of three phases, Identification, Immediate Recall, and Free and Cued Recall. However, just the last phase is considered for the total score. We believe that collecting the performance data of the Identification and Immediate Recall phases could provide information regarding possible difficulties or impairments in the different aspects involved in the temporal mnesic process of acquisition of new information, such as in working memory or visual identification. The objective was to assess the goodness of fit for the three phases of the ECR test using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to show if each phase is separated from each other as a different aspect that participates in the mnesic process. A total of 311 participants greater than 65 years were included in this study. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for each individual phase. The analyses show that the ECR test consists of three separate phases that identify different steps of the mnesic process. Individual scores for each phase could allow for investigation of patient performance in different aspects of the memory process and could help in further neuropsychological assessment.

Recurso polínico y ciclo estacional de Thygater aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en un ambiente urbano (Bogotá-Colombia) / Pollen resource and seasonal cycle of Thygater aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an urban environment (Bogotá-Colombia)

ResumenThygater aethiops es una abeja nativa que puede encontrarse en parques y jardines en diversas áreas urbanas como aquellas de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Sin embargo, es poco lo que se conoce sobre su biología y sus adaptaciones ecológicas a áreas urbanas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos describir ciclos estacionales y la actividad de forrajeo diaria de T. aethiops, así como identificar el recurso polínico usado por estas abejas a lo largo de un año en una población que nidifica en un agregado en el "Parque Nacional Enrique Olaya Herrera" de Bogotá. Cambios en la actividad de nidificación fueron registrados semanalmente contando el número de nidos activos en el agregado entre diciembre/2012 y febrero/2014. Para determinar el horario de forrajeo diario, se contó el número de abejas que entraban a sus nidos en un periodo de 10 minutos cada hora entre las 8:00 y las 14:00 h. Semanalmente se capturaron hembras que estuvieran regresando a sus nidos con cargas de polen, entre septiembre/2012 y agosto/2013; dichas cargas fueron analizadas. Se observó tres picos de nidificación tras los picos de precipitación, pero el número de nidos activos no estuvo correlacionado con la precipitación. El número de nidos activos se redujo (20-50 % de los nidos) después de que se registrara un disturbio antrópico en el área de nidificación. Las abejas forrajean por polen y néctar entre las 8:00 y 14:00 h con un pico de actividad a las 10:00 h. La actividad de forrajeo diaria cambió durante el periodo de estudio debido a disturbios antrópicos. No hubo una relación significativa entre la temperatura del aire y el número de entradas a los nidos. El horario de actividad no cambió entre los periodos secos y lluviosos. Se encontró un total de 26 tipos polínicos en 169 cargas de polen. Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) y Solanum laxum (Solanaceae) fueron las plantas más abundantes representadas en las cargas de polen durante todo el periodo de estudio. De acuerdo a estos resultados, T. aethios sería considerada una especie mesoléctica. La habilidad de T. aethiops para utilizar diferentes recursos polínicos tanto nativos como introducidos, así como su presumible capacidad para recuperar su población después de disturbios son características que le pueden haber permitido adaptarse a ambientes urbanos. El conocimiento de los recursos florales, así como otras características biológicas de esta abeja son importantes para promover su conservación en áreas urbanas.

Abstract:Thygater aethiops is a native bee that can be found in parks and gardens in diverse urban areas such as those in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). However, little is known about its biology as well as ecological adaptations to urban areas. This study aimed to describe the seasonal cycle and daily foraging activities of T. aethiops, as well as identify the pollen resources used by this bee over a year in a population nesting in an aggregation in the "Parque Nacional Enrique Olaya Herrera" in Bogotá. Changes in the nest activity were monitored weekly by counting the number of active nests in the aggregation between December/2012 and February/2014. To determine the daily foraging activity, the numbers of bees entering their nests over a period of 10 minutes every hour between 8:00 and 14:00 h were recorded. Females with pollen loads entering to their nest were captured weekly, between September/2012 and August/2013, and their pollen loads analyzed. Three nesting peaks occurred after the precipitation peaks, but the number of active nests was not correlated with precipitation. The nesting activities stopped in a large number of the active nests (20-50 % of nests) after an anthropic disturbance was registered in the nesting area. Bees forage for nectar and pollen between 8:00 and 14:00 h, with a peak at 10:00 h. Daily foraging activity changed during the study period due to anthropic disturbance. There was not a significant relationship between air temperature and the number of females entering their nests. Foraging activities did not change between the dry and rainy seasons. A total of 26 pollen types were found in 169 pollen loads. Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) and Solanum laxum (Solanaceae) were the most abundant plants represented on the pollen load across the study period. According to these results, T. aethiops would be considered a mesolectic species. The ability of T. aethiops to use different pollen resources both native and exotic, as well as to presumably recover its population after disturbances, are characteristics that may have allowed this bee to adapt to urban environments. Knowledge on the floral resources as well as other biological features of this bee species is important to promote its conservation in urban areas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1247-1257. Epub 2016 September 01.

Función ejecutiva en pacientes con trastorno bipolar tipo I durante la fase asintomática / Executive functions in patients with bipolar disorder type I during asymptomatic phase

La función ejecutiva se ve involucrada en la mayor parte de las actividades que realizamos a diario, repercutiendo en la calidad de vida de las personas. Los rendimientos ejecutivos en el trastorno bipolar tipo I pueden fluctuar en función de la fase clínica en la que se encuentra el paciente. El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en revisar los hallazgos encontrados respecto a la función ejecutiva durante la fase asintomática del trastorno bipolar tipo I. Se han analizado 37 artículos científicos que abordan el rendimiento ejecutivo de pacientes eutímicos con trastorno bipolar tipo I. Se puede concluir que la mayoría de los estudios reportan dificultades ejecutivas en estos pacientes, aunque no parece existir consenso en los diferentes trabajos al indicar el tipo de déficit. Esta falta de acuerdo podría ser debida a aspectos metodológicos de los estudios y a distintas variables clínicas y farmacológicas. Las alteraciones ejecutivas en la eutimia son menores que en las fases agudas del trastorno y afectan sobre todo a la velocidad de procesamiento de la información. Los déficits ejecutivos de los pacientes podrían estar vinculados a posibles alteraciones funcionales a nivel de la corteza prefrontal, así como al propio efecto de los psicofármacos utilizados. Sería de especial relevancia que el tratamiento de estos pacientes incorporase estas alteraciones, lo que podría conseguirse mediante un enfoque neurocognitivo dentro de un abordaje terapéutico integrado...

Executive function is present in most of dairy activities, so it influences in quality of life. Executive performances in bipolar disorder type I can change in function of clinical phase that patient is. The aim of this work is to review the studies that have investigated executive function during asymptomatic phase in bipolar disorder type I. It has been analyzed 37 scientific articles that examine executive performance in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type I. It can be concluded that bipolar patients in asymptomatic phase suffer executive difficulties, but it doesn’t seem to exist consensus regarding the type of deficits. This lack of agreement could be due to methodological diversity in studies, as well as the influence of different clinical or pharmacological variables. Executive alterations in euthymic phase are lower than the acute phases in bipolar disorder and affect mainly to processing speed. Executive deficits in patients could be linked to possible functional alterations in prefrontal cortex, as well as the psychopharmacological effect. It would be specially relevant treatment in bipolar disorder keep in mind this alterations, which it can get it with a neurocognitive approach within integrate treatment...